什么是独立主格结构
①独立主格结构不是句子，没有真正的主语和谓语，但在逻辑上构成了主谓关系。
独立主格＝逻辑主语＋逻辑谓语
②独立主格的作用相当于状语从句，表时间、条件、原因、伴随等。
③学习独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）可分两步掌握：
1. 理解结构形式
名词/代词 + 非谓语动词/形容词/副词/介词短语（如：Weather permitting, we'll go hiking.）
2. 明确功能分类
时间/条件：The work done, he went home.
原因/伴随：Hands trembling, she opened the letter.
独立主格结构常见句型格式
1、一般结构
①名词／代词＋现在分词
The guests having left, he began to take a short rest.客人离开之后，他开始做短暂休息。（独立主语结构表时间）
②名词／代词＋过去分词
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.综合考虑，她的论文比你的更有价值。（独立主格结构表条件）
③名词／代词＋不定式
The exam to be held tomorrow, I couldn't go to cinema tonight.明天要考试，今天晚上我不能去看电影了。（独立主格结构表原因）
④名词／代词＋介词短语
The teacher was walking up and down the classroom, (with) the iron ruler under his arm.老师在教室里走来走去，胳膊下夹着一把铁戒尺。
⑤名词／代词＋副词／形容词
He entered the room, his nose red with cold.他走进房间，鼻子冻得通红。（独立主格结构表伴随）
注意：形容词在独立主格结构中表伴随或对细节起补充作用，名词或代词和形容词之间有逻辑上的主表关系。此结构也可写成his nose being red with cold，此结构相当于“主系表”型，being 是非谓语(系)动词，常可省略，但being的逻辑主语是人称代词时，being不能省略。
All the guests (being) here, she felt very happy.
客人都到了,她感到很高兴。
Our lessons (being) over, we went out to play basketball.下课了,我们出去打篮球。
It being Sunday, I needn't go to school.
今天是周日,我不需要去上学。
⑥名词／代词＋名词
He fought against the robber,a stick his only weapon.他与抢劫犯斗争，一根木棍是他唯一的武器。（独立主格结构表伴随）
2、特殊结构
① There being ＋名词／代词
There being no buses, they walked to the theatre. 没有公共汽车，他们步行去了影院。（独立主格结构表原因）
② It being ＋名词／代词
It being Sunday, I needn't go to school.
今天是周日,我不需要去上学。
It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating.
如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。
3、 with / without 引导的独立主格结构
With his homework done,Peter went out to play.
Without any game to play,the boy looked upset.(without不能省略)
① with / without ＋名词／代词＋现在分词
With the boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the house.有那个男孩带路，我们毫不费力地找到了那所房子。（“the boy”和“leading the way”是主动关系）
Without anyone noticing,I stole into the room.没有人注意，我偷偷的溜进了屋子。
② with / without ＋名词／代词＋过去分词
With the work done, they went out to play.工作完成后，他们出去玩了。（“the work”和“done”是被动关系）
With his homework done,Petter went out to play.作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。
The boy was crying with his toy broken.
玩具坏了，那男孩在哭。
③ with / without ＋名词／代词＋不定式
With so many problems to solve, the new manager was in a difficult situation.（有这么多问题要解决，新经理处境艰难）。
A house to be built, we must save every cent.由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。
Now here is Li Lei, Wang Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，王芳明天到。
④ with / without ＋名词／代词＋介词短语
She came in with a book in her hand.
她手里拿着一本书进来了。
Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were.
手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。
He stood at he door,with a computer in his hand.他站在门旁边，手里拿着一台电脑。
The old man,with thick glasses on his nose,is a pianist.这位带深度眼镜的老人是一位钢琴家。
⑤ with / without ＋名词／代词＋形容词
With his son so disappointing,the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。
He used to sleep with the windows open. 他过去经常开着窗户睡觉。
With the room warm and cozy, I felt very relaxed. 房间温暖而舒适，我感到非常放松。
⑥ with / without ＋名词／代词＋副词
With her sister out,she had to stay at home alone.
因为她姐姐出去了，她只能独自待在家里。
He fell asleep with the TV still on.
他电视还开着就睡着了。
⑦ with / without ＋名词／代词＋名词
He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl. 他去世时，女儿还是个小学生。