一文讲清英语中的非谓语动词(附12道真题及答案)

2025-10-30 23:15 来源: 文化之窗 本文影响了:22人


非谓语动词,顾名思义,就是在句子中不能单独充当谓语的动词形式。它们不受主语的人称和数的限制。

英语中的三类非谓语动词是:

1. 动词不定式

2. 动名词

3. 分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)

它们在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等成分。

1. 动词不定式

不定式的基本形式是 to + 动词原形,有时可以省略 to。它通常表示目的、意图、未来或将发生的动作。

1.1 句法功能与例句

· 作主语:

· To learn a new language is challenging. (学习一门新语言是具有挑战性的。)

· To see is to believe. (眼见为实。)

· 作宾语: 常接在动词后,如 want, hope, decide, plan, agree, refuse 等。

· He wants to leave early. (他想早点离开。)

· They decided to start a business. (他们决定创业。)

· 作宾语补足语:

· She asked me to help her. (她请求我帮助她。)

· The teacher encouraged us to speak more. (老师鼓励我们多发言。)

· 作表语:

· His dream is to become a pilot. (他的梦想是成为一名飞行员。)

· The most important thing is to be honest. (最重要的是要诚实。)

· 作定语: 放在被修饰的名词之后。

· I have a lot of work to do. (我有很多工作要做。)

· She is the right person to talk to. (她是可以交谈的合适人选。)

· 作状语: 表示目的、原因、结果等。

· He saved money to buy a car. (目的:他省钱是为了买车。)

· I'm sorry to hear that. (原因:听到那个消息我很难过。)

· He grew up to be a famous scientist. (结果:他长大后成了一名著名的科学家。)

1.2 特殊形式

· 疑问词 + 不定式: 相当于一个名词短语。

· I don't know what to do. (我不知道该做什么。)

· Can you tell me how to get to the station? (你能告诉我去车站怎么走吗?)

· 省略 to 的不定式:

· 在感官动词后:see, watch, hear, feel 等。

· I saw him cross the street. (我看见他过了马路。)

· 在使役动词后:let, make, have 等。

· She made me cry. (她把我弄哭了。)

· Let me try. (让我试试。)

· 在 help 后,可省可不省。

· Can you help me (to) carry this box? (你能帮我搬这个箱子吗?)

2. 动名词

动名词的基本形式是 动词-ing。它在句中起名词的作用,通常表示泛指、习惯性或已完成的动作。

2.1 句法功能与例句

· 作主语:

· Swimming is good for your health. (游泳对健康有益。)

· Getting up early makes you energetic. (早起让你精力充沛。)

· 作宾语:

· 作动词宾语:常接在 enjoy, finish, avoid, suggest, mind, practice 等动词后。

· I enjoy reading novels. (我喜欢读小说。)

· He finished writing the report. (他写完了报告。)

· 作介词宾语:

· She is good at playing the piano. (她擅长弹钢琴。)

· Thank you for helping me. (谢谢你帮助我。)

· I'm thinking about changing my job. (我在考虑换工作。)

· 作表语:

· His hobby is collecting stamps. (他的爱好是集邮。)

· The best exercise is jogging. (最好的锻炼是慢跑。)

· 作定语: 表示用途。

· a swimming pool (游泳池)

· a reading room (阅览室)

· a sleeping bag (睡袋)

2.2 特殊用法:动名词的复合结构

· 由 物主代词/名词所有格 + 动名词 构成,作主语或宾语。

· His coming late made the teacher angry. (他的迟到让老师生气了。)

· Do you mind my opening the window? (你介意我开窗吗?)

· 在口语中,也常用代词宾格或名词普通格。

· Do you mind me opening the window?

3. 分词

分词包括现在分词和过去分词,主要起形容词和副词的作用。

3.1 现在分词

形式:动词-ing。表示主动和进行。

· 作定语: 单个分词常放在名词前,分词短语放在名词后。

· a sleeping baby (一个正在睡觉的婴儿)- 主动,进行

· a boring movie (一部无聊的电影)- 主动,状态

· The man standing over there is my brother. (站在那边的那个男人是我哥哥。)

· 作表语: 表示主语的特征或状态。

· The movie is exciting. (这部电影令人兴奋。)

· His story was touching. (他的故事很感人。)

· 作宾语补足语: 常在感官动词和使役动词后。

· I heard someone knocking at the door. (我听见有人在敲门。)

· He kept me waiting for an hour. (他让我等了一个小时。)

· 作状语: 表示时间、原因、方式、伴随状况等。其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。

· Walking in the park, I met an old friend. (时间:在公园散步时,我遇到了一位老朋友。)

· Being tired, he went to bed early. (原因:因为累了,他很早就睡了。)

· She sat by the window, reading a book. (伴随状况:她坐在窗边,读着一本书。)

3.2 过去分词

形式:规则动词为 动词-ed,不规则动词需单独记忆。表示被动和完成。

· 作定语:

· a broken window (一扇破了的窗户)- 被动,完成

· fallen leaves (落叶)- 主动,完成

· The book written by Lu Xun is very popular. (鲁迅写的那本书很受欢迎。)

· 作表语: 表示主语的状态。

· The window is broken. (窗户是破的。)

· He felt disappointed. (他感到失望。)

· 作宾语补足语:

· I need to have my hair cut. (我需要理发了。)

· We found the city greatly changed. (我们发现这座城市变化巨大。)

· 作状语: 同样,逻辑主语是句子的主语。

· Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. (原因/时间:从山上看,这座城市很美。)

· Lost in thought, he didn't hear the phone. (原因:他陷入沉思,没听到电话声。)

· The teacher came in, followed by his students. (伴随状况:老师走了进来,后面跟着他的学生。)

考题与练习

一、用括号中动词的适当形式填空(不定式、动名词或分词):

1. It's no use ______ (cry) over spilt milk.

2. I saw him ______ (enter) the room and ______ (take) the money.

3. ______ (Finish) his homework, he went out to play.

4. The problem ______ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is very important.

5. She is too young ______ (understand) all this.

6. He avoided ______ (answer) my question.

7. The news was ______ (disappoint).

8. I'm looking forward to ______ (see) you again.

二、选择题:

1. The house ______ in the storm is now being repaired.

A. damaging B. damaged C. to damage D. being damaged

2. My mother asked me ______ late.

A. not to come home B. to not come home C. not coming home D. coming home not

3. ______ the project on time, they worked day and night.

A. Finishing B. Finished C. To finish D. Finish

4. Do you remember ______ me at a party last year?

A. to meet B. meeting C. met D. meet


答案:

一、

1. crying (动名词作主语)

2. enter; take (感官动词后接省略to的不定式,表示动作全过程)

3. Having finished (现在分词完成式作时间状语,表示动作在谓语之前完成)

4. discussed (过去分词作定语,表被动)

5. to understand (不定式在too...to结构中作结果状语)

6. answering (动名词作avoid的宾语)

7. disappointing (现在分词作表语,修饰物,意为“令人失望的”)

8. seeing (look forward to中的to是介词,后接动名词)

二、

1. B (房子被风暴损坏,用过去分词表被动)

2. A (ask sb not to do sth,不定式的否定形式)

3. C (不定式作目的状语)

4. B (remember doing sth 记得做过某事;remember to do sth 记得要去做某事)

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