非谓语动词,顾名思义,就是在句子中不能单独充当谓语的动词形式。它们不受主语的人称和数的限制。
英语中的三类非谓语动词是:
1. 动词不定式
2. 动名词
3. 分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)
它们在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等成分。
1. 动词不定式
不定式的基本形式是 to + 动词原形,有时可以省略 to。它通常表示目的、意图、未来或将发生的动作。
1.1 句法功能与例句
· 作主语:
· To learn a new language is challenging. (学习一门新语言是具有挑战性的。)
· To see is to believe. (眼见为实。)
· 作宾语: 常接在动词后,如 want, hope, decide, plan, agree, refuse 等。
· He wants to leave early. (他想早点离开。)
· They decided to start a business. (他们决定创业。)
· 作宾语补足语:
· She asked me to help her. (她请求我帮助她。)
· The teacher encouraged us to speak more. (老师鼓励我们多发言。)
· 作表语:
· His dream is to become a pilot. (他的梦想是成为一名飞行员。)
· The most important thing is to be honest. (最重要的是要诚实。)
· 作定语: 放在被修饰的名词之后。
· I have a lot of work to do. (我有很多工作要做。)
· She is the right person to talk to. (她是可以交谈的合适人选。)
· 作状语: 表示目的、原因、结果等。
· He saved money to buy a car. (目的:他省钱是为了买车。)
· I'm sorry to hear that. (原因:听到那个消息我很难过。)
· He grew up to be a famous scientist. (结果:他长大后成了一名著名的科学家。)
1.2 特殊形式
· 疑问词 + 不定式: 相当于一个名词短语。
· I don't know what to do. (我不知道该做什么。)
· Can you tell me how to get to the station? (你能告诉我去车站怎么走吗?)
· 省略 to 的不定式:
· 在感官动词后:see, watch, hear, feel 等。
· I saw him cross the street. (我看见他过了马路。)
· 在使役动词后:let, make, have 等。
· She made me cry. (她把我弄哭了。)
· Let me try. (让我试试。)
· 在 help 后,可省可不省。
· Can you help me (to) carry this box? (你能帮我搬这个箱子吗?)
2. 动名词
动名词的基本形式是 动词-ing。它在句中起名词的作用,通常表示泛指、习惯性或已完成的动作。
2.1 句法功能与例句
· 作主语:
· Swimming is good for your health. (游泳对健康有益。)
· Getting up early makes you energetic. (早起让你精力充沛。)
· 作宾语:
· 作动词宾语:常接在 enjoy, finish, avoid, suggest, mind, practice 等动词后。
· I enjoy reading novels. (我喜欢读小说。)
· He finished writing the report. (他写完了报告。)
· 作介词宾语:
· She is good at playing the piano. (她擅长弹钢琴。)
· Thank you for helping me. (谢谢你帮助我。)
· I'm thinking about changing my job. (我在考虑换工作。)
· 作表语:
· His hobby is collecting stamps. (他的爱好是集邮。)
· The best exercise is jogging. (最好的锻炼是慢跑。)
· 作定语: 表示用途。
· a swimming pool (游泳池)
· a reading room (阅览室)
· a sleeping bag (睡袋)
2.2 特殊用法:动名词的复合结构
· 由 物主代词/名词所有格 + 动名词 构成,作主语或宾语。
· His coming late made the teacher angry. (他的迟到让老师生气了。)
· Do you mind my opening the window? (你介意我开窗吗?)
· 在口语中,也常用代词宾格或名词普通格。
· Do you mind me opening the window?
3. 分词
分词包括现在分词和过去分词,主要起形容词和副词的作用。
3.1 现在分词
形式:动词-ing。表示主动和进行。
· 作定语: 单个分词常放在名词前,分词短语放在名词后。
· a sleeping baby (一个正在睡觉的婴儿)- 主动,进行
· a boring movie (一部无聊的电影)- 主动,状态
· The man standing over there is my brother. (站在那边的那个男人是我哥哥。)
· 作表语: 表示主语的特征或状态。
· The movie is exciting. (这部电影令人兴奋。)
· His story was touching. (他的故事很感人。)
· 作宾语补足语: 常在感官动词和使役动词后。
· I heard someone knocking at the door. (我听见有人在敲门。)
· He kept me waiting for an hour. (他让我等了一个小时。)
· 作状语: 表示时间、原因、方式、伴随状况等。其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。
· Walking in the park, I met an old friend. (时间:在公园散步时,我遇到了一位老朋友。)
· Being tired, he went to bed early. (原因:因为累了,他很早就睡了。)
· She sat by the window, reading a book. (伴随状况:她坐在窗边,读着一本书。)
3.2 过去分词
形式:规则动词为 动词-ed,不规则动词需单独记忆。表示被动和完成。
· 作定语:
· a broken window (一扇破了的窗户)- 被动,完成
· fallen leaves (落叶)- 主动,完成
· The book written by Lu Xun is very popular. (鲁迅写的那本书很受欢迎。)
· 作表语: 表示主语的状态。
· The window is broken. (窗户是破的。)
· He felt disappointed. (他感到失望。)
· 作宾语补足语:
· I need to have my hair cut. (我需要理发了。)
· We found the city greatly changed. (我们发现这座城市变化巨大。)
· 作状语: 同样,逻辑主语是句子的主语。
· Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. (原因/时间:从山上看,这座城市很美。)
· Lost in thought, he didn't hear the phone. (原因:他陷入沉思,没听到电话声。)
· The teacher came in, followed by his students. (伴随状况:老师走了进来,后面跟着他的学生。)
考题与练习
一、用括号中动词的适当形式填空(不定式、动名词或分词):
1. It's no use ______ (cry) over spilt milk.
2. I saw him ______ (enter) the room and ______ (take) the money.
3. ______ (Finish) his homework, he went out to play.
4. The problem ______ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is very important.
5. She is too young ______ (understand) all this.
6. He avoided ______ (answer) my question.
7. The news was ______ (disappoint).
8. I'm looking forward to ______ (see) you again.
二、选择题:
1. The house ______ in the storm is now being repaired.
A. damaging B. damaged C. to damage D. being damaged
2. My mother asked me ______ late.
A. not to come home B. to not come home C. not coming home D. coming home not
3. ______ the project on time, they worked day and night.
A. Finishing B. Finished C. To finish D. Finish
4. Do you remember ______ me at a party last year?
A. to meet B. meeting C. met D. meet
答案:
一、
1. crying (动名词作主语)
2. enter; take (感官动词后接省略to的不定式,表示动作全过程)
3. Having finished (现在分词完成式作时间状语,表示动作在谓语之前完成)
4. discussed (过去分词作定语,表被动)
5. to understand (不定式在too...to结构中作结果状语)
6. answering (动名词作avoid的宾语)
7. disappointing (现在分词作表语,修饰物,意为“令人失望的”)
8. seeing (look forward to中的to是介词,后接动名词)
二、
1. B (房子被风暴损坏,用过去分词表被动)
2. A (ask sb not to do sth,不定式的否定形式)
3. C (不定式作目的状语)
4. B (remember doing sth 记得做过某事;remember to do sth 记得要去做某事)


