非谓语动词在句子中可以作主语，宾语，定语，状语，补语和表语六种。现根据在句子中的成分不同把它们归纳成六类。

一． 主语

1. doing;主动的，抽象的，规律性的，一般的，延续性的动作，其被动态being done

2. to do;主动，具体的，一次性的，短暂性的,尚未发生的动作，其被动态to be done

Eg; Reading calls for patience and perseverance.

To have a walk along the river after supper is such fun.

3.注意；① to do 经常用it作形式主语替代逻辑主语放在句首，而真正的逻辑主语放在句末。

其一般形式有a.it’s +adj+to do sth b.it +vt +o(宾语)+ to do sth。

Eg; It’s important to have a good eye sight ,as it’s known to us .

It took me 3 days to finish the task.

②it作形式主语替代doing的几个结构；it’s no use/useless .it’s waste of time .it’s no good 等。

Eg; It’s no use crying over the spilt milk.覆水难收

③范例；

（1） to the sun for too long contributes to the harm to the skin.

A .Being exposed B.Exposed C.Having exposed D.To exposed

解析；选A。可能误选B。误认句子缺少状语，但观察可以发现若是作状语的话，那么句子就没有主语了。 判断方法；划分句子的主谓宾。

3. 动名词的复合结构；one’s doing /being done

Eg.My sister’s being ill made us all worried =That my sister was ill made us all worried.

4. 迁移；若主语与to do中的do 存在动宾关系，且形容词是hard. difficult 之类的，那么do用主动态表示被动态。

Eg ;The question is hard to answer.

二． 宾语

1． 总结；doing;长期性的动作，其他的同上，被动态为being done。

to do ;短暂性的，已完成的动作，其他的同上，被动态为to be done。

2.,几种类型；①大部分动词+to do

②只加doing的；imagine.avoid.mistake.delay.deny.risk.mind.appreciate.escape等。

③既可以加doing又可以加to do的，但意思不同的;regret remember forget admit等（这些动词后面也可以加having done,其意思和加doing的时候一样）

④加doingd的时候表被动；need want require 等，这种情况下句子的主语一般是物。

⑤一般情况下两者可以互换但某些情况下不能；start/begin,like/enjoy/love等，前者在句子主语是物的时候只能用to do(当然这只是其中一种情况了，还有其他的注意点)，而后者加to do时表示暂时的兴趣，而表示doing长久的兴趣.

Eg;I like swimming,and I enjoy to run these days.(我一直都很喜欢游泳，但是我这段时间又喜欢跑步了，后者是暂时的兴趣，将来是否还喜欢就不知道了)

3.动名词的复合结构；①vt + one’s doing(mind,imagine,find等)，另外这类动词还可以将one’s改成宾语，即doing变成了宾补了

②介词+one’s doing/o+doing

Eg;Would you mind my/me opening the window?

The sound of the desks/desks’ being knocked can be heard from the street in usual days,but strangely I can’t heard it!

③there to do/doing

Eg; I prefer(宁愿) there to be no persons present today,I feel so nervous to speak in front of so many people.

4.不定式/动名词的完成式;表示宾语的动作先于谓语的动作发生，形式为to have done/ to have been done,having done/having been done。

Eg;Yesterday when the Smiths come to vist us,we happened to have go out.(出去这个动作是发生在拜访之前的)

* 注意；下列动词的不定式的完成式表示虚拟，表示原打算做的动作却没有发生的

plan/ intend /prefer/mean(打算)/be to=had done+to do等

Eg;We intended to have gone to the concert,but the heavy rain hold us off.

5. it 作形式宾语；find /make/think等+it +to do sth

Eg; I think it useful to master computer technology.

6. 不定式的进行式：to be doing,表示宾语的动作与谓语同时发生。

Eg:When the teacher came in , Jhon pretended to be reading.

三． 定语（分为前置定语和后置定语）

1..①doing;主动的，正在进行的，表功用，长期，延续的，一般性的动作

Eg; the walking stick(表功用) the man sitting at the table（正在进行的）

②being done;被动的，其他的同上

Eg;The issue being discussed at the meeting becomes a hot topic in the company.

③to do;主动的，尚未发生的，解释所修饰的名词，具体的动作

Eg; The person to speak in the class tonight set off everyone’s curiosity.

His attempt to escape from the prison failed again.

④done;被动态，表示已完成，或规律性的动作

Eg;a fallen leaf

The flowers sent to teachers on Sep.10th every year are always sold out very early.

2.注意①所修饰名词与定语存在动宾关系式，若定语中do是不及物动词的话，那么要在它的背后不上介词，但是若所修饰名词为space,room,nature时则不能加介词。

Eg;Please give me a pen to write in.

There’s no space for me to stand.

四． 状语

（一） 分词作状语

① doing；主动，状语与主句的动作同时发生或前后间隔的时间很短，一般性的动作,否定形式是not doin

Eg;Hearing the cry for help,he rushed out to see what had happened.

② having done；主动，状语的动作先于主句发生，一般性，延续性动作,否定形式是not having done.

③ having been done；被动，可与done互换

④ done；已完成

⑤ being done；表原因，且done多为表示心理状态的动词

Eg;Being excited ,he burst into laughter.

但要注意，若句子中直接出现done的话，且表示了主语的心理状态，且与主句的动作伴随发生，那么它不是伴随状语，而是主补

Eg;Excited and surprised, he stood up in other guests’ applause,(他站起来的时候是既兴奋又惊讶的，而不是因为惊讶和兴奋而站起来的)

⑥ to do ;目的状语，与only连用时表示意想不到的结果，尚未发生的动作（doing是表示意料之中的结果）

Eg;He rushed to the station ,only to find the train had gone.

He was lost in his work, only stopping to have a drink.

2.独立主格结构（与分词连用）

①规律；状语和主句的主语不同，在状语前补上自己的逻辑主语。

Eg:Mike having cheated in the exam,the teacher felt angry with him.

②几种特殊结构；（1）it being（这里的it的用法为它的模糊功能，如指代天气等）

(2 )there being /to be

(3)with+ o+oc(doing /to do /being done /to be done /介词/adv/adj/n)

(4)主动表被动

Eg:It being sunny,we went out for a picnic.(it指代天气)

There being no bus, we had to walk home.

The teacher came into the classroom,(with a) book in (his) hand.

Weather permitting,we will go hiking.

3.注意；①被动形式但是表示的是主动的意思的词组：be located in ,be seated in/at,be devoted to,be lost /absorbed in,be occupied with,be charged with,be accused of, be supposed to等。

Eg:Devoted/Devoting himself to the medicine ,Doctor Henry has struggled for the career for his whole life.

②与连词的省略结构区别和联系，后者的用法和分词作状语及独立主格结构相似,不同的是后者没有having done和having been done结构。

Eg;When passing/you pass the street ,you should be more careful.

He found he needed to buy a stamp when passing/he passed the post office yesterday.

When choosing clothes, it needs insight.

五． 补语

（一） 主补：①用形容词修饰主语 He went school hungry. They came back safe and sound.

②几种结构；(1)sb/sth be said/reported/known to do(表示主补的动作与谓语的动作同时发生或一般规律性的动作)to have done(表示主补的动作先于谓语的动作发生)

Eg:The temple was said to have been built in the Ming Dynasty.

Brazilian are known to play soccer well.

（2）由宾补转化来的大部分动词，凡是在被动句中原先主动句的宾补转化为主补，根据这一规律，判断时可将被动句还原成主动句再进行判断。

Eg；The missing boy was last seen playing near the river.

方法：可在句子的背后补上by people，再将句子转化为主动句，此时可知失踪的男孩在被发现的那一刻是正在河边玩的，故应用playing。

（二） 宾补:①have sb /sth do(已完成或一次性动作)/done(被动，已完成)/doing(一直在做或处于某种状态)

Eg:Have you seen the ad I had the publisher put yesterday?(put是一次性已完成的动作)

I will have you tacked on the wall if you keep on laughing me.

The cruel boss have the little boy working all day long.

②make等系动词/let,have+o+do/done 使…怎么样

Eg:He had to raise his voice to make himself heard clearly by others.

Let’s go,guys!

③find/see/keep等+o+ +doing(正在进行的动作或延续性的动作)/done（被动态, 已完成）see+o+do(表示已完成的规律性动作或短暂性的)

Eg:When I was young I always saw my grandma sing.

We were frightened to find Jack being attacked by a tiger whale.

④get +o+done(已完成)/to do(尚未发生)

Eg；The workers failed to get the elephant gone,and had to call the experts to move it away.

⑤大部分动词+o+to do

Eg:He asked me to do the task.

(三)注意：1.诸如make等用do或done作宾补的使役动词在转化成被动句时要在do前面加上to，即to要还原。

Eg:I was made to work all day,but I felt it intresting.

2.宾补与双宾的区别在于前者中非谓语动词的执行者是宾语，而后者则是主语。

Eg;My brother promised me to join the army.(双宾，参军的是我哥哥)

My brother asked me to buy him a book.(宾补，买书的是我)

六． 表语（与系动词连用）

1． doing：正在进行，规律性，状态

2． to do:尚未发生，具体的动作

3． done:状态，被动态

Eg: My dream was to become a teacher when I grow up.

The movie was so moving that many people couldn’t help crying.

I am tired and I want to sleep now.

4.注意：当一个主语从句中有to do 而主句的表语又为to do 时，表语的to do 可以省略。

Eg:What I am going to do is leave here and return for my home .

说明：在只列出doing /to do的用法中，其被动态也可以用的。