这三个短语核心区别在于搭配对象和表达重点:“refer ... to” 是“把A提交给B”,“refer to” 是“提及/参考A”,“refer to...as...” 是“把A称作B”,本质是“动作指向”的不同。
1. refer ... to ...:带双宾语,强调“把某事/某人提交、委托给另一对象”,结构为“refer A to B”(把A交给B)。
例:I referred the dispute to my lawyer.(我把这场纠纷提交给了我的律师。)
例:The teacher referred the student to the school counselor.(老师把那个学生转介给了学校辅导员。)
2. refer to:单宾语,核心是“提及、谈到某物/某人”或“查阅、参考某资料”,结构为“refer to A”(提及/参考A)。
表“提及”:She never referred to her past.(她从不提及自己的过去。)
表“参考”:You can refer to this dictionary when you don’t know a word.(不认识单词时,你可以查这本词典。)
3. refer to ... as ...:带复合宾语,专门表示“把某人/某物称作、视为某个名称/身份”,结构为“refer to A as B”(把A叫做B)。
例:People often refer to him as “the genius”.(人们常把他称作“天才”。)
例:This phenomenon is referred to as “global warming”.(这种现象被称为“全球变暖”。)
简单记:“提交给”用refer ... to,“查/提”用refer to,“称作”用refer to...as...。


