一、独立主格结构在口语中有哪些常见的误用?
独立主格的定义:独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子,而不是一个词或词组。它在句中作状语,相当于一个状语从句,但是其逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,有自己独立的主语。
独立主格结构在口语中常见的误用有以下几种
1、与伴随状语混淆:
伴随状语通常直接连接在主句后,而独立主格结构必须包含独立的逻辑主语。比如错误表达“she entered the room with her eyes fixed on the screen(她走进房间,眼睛盯着屏幕)”,这里“with her eyes fixed on the screen”是伴随状语,不是独立主格结构,正确的独立主格结构应为“she entered the room, her eyes fixed on the screen”.
2、错误理解“独立性”:
独立主格结构的“独立性”是指其结构与主句无连接词,而非可以脱离主句独立存在。例如错误使用“the sun shining brightly”,独立主格结构单独使用,缺少主句,这是不正确的,正确的表达应该是“the sun shining brightly, we decided to have a picnic”
3、误用连接词:
独立主格结构不应使用连接词,但在有因果关系或时间关系时,人们可能会错误地使用连接词。比如错误表达“because the sun shining brightly, we went outside”,正确的独立主格表达是“the sun shining brightly, we went outside”。
二、独立主格结构的语法规则有哪些?
独立主格结构的语法规则如下:
(一)结构特点
1、逻辑主语独立:独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。例如“the weather being fine, we went on a picnic.”中,“the weather”是独立主格结构的逻辑主语,与句子主语“we”不同。
2、存在逻辑关系:名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。如“the boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.因为有那个带路的男孩,我们毫不费力地找到了那个奇怪的洞穴。”中,“the boy”和“leading”是逻辑上的主谓关系。
3、用逗号隔开:独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开,与主句之间不用任何连接词。如“the meeting over, they all went home.”。
(二)常见形式
1、名词/代词+现在分词:
①表示主动和正在进行的动作;②表示时间。
①The girl staring at him, he didn't know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.男孩在前面带路,我们毫不费力地找到了那个奇怪的洞穴。
②Time permitting, we will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.如果时间允许的话,我们明天去参观长城。
2、名词/代词+过去分词:
①表示被动和已完成的动作;②表示原因
①The work done, they went home.工作完成后,他们回家了。
the problems solved, the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。
②her glasses broken, she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。
3、名词/代词+不定式:
①表示将来的动作或目的;②表示条件
①Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.这是前两卷,第三卷将于下个月出版。
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。
②Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.如果明天没有人来,我们将把会议推迟到下周。
4、名词/代词+形容词/副词:
①说明名词或代词的性质、特征或所处的状态;②表示原因。
①An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive.那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还.
The ground wet, we couldn't play football. 地面潮湿,我们不能踢足球。
②So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消.
5、名词/代词+介词短语:表示伴随状况。
The soldier stood at attention, his rifle in his hands.士兵立正站着,手里拿着步枪。
Tom was sitting near the fire, his back towards the door.汤姆靠近火炉坐着,背对着门.
6、there being+名词(代词):表示存在某种情况。
There being no bus, we had to walk home. 因为没有公共汽车,我们不得不步行回家。
There being no taxis, we had to walk.没有出租车,我们只好步行。
There being no further business, l declare the meeting closed.没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。
7、it being+名词(代词):表示特定时间或条件下的情况。
It being a fine day, we went for a picnic. 因为天气好,我们去野餐了。
lt being christmas, the government offices were closed.由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息.
lt being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了
8、with引导的独立主格
(1)with+名词/代词+形容词:
Jim doesn't like to sleep with the windows open.杰姆不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
(21)with+名词/代词+副词:
The boy was walking, with his mother ahead.(妈妈在前,小孩在后走着)
(3)with+名词/代词+介词短语:
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.(他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑)
(4)with+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式:
With his homework done, Tom went out to play.(作业做好了,汤姆出去玩了)
(5)with+名词/代词+动词的-ing形式:
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.(有这么多的孩子坐在他周围,那男子感到很高兴)
(6)with+名词/代词+动词不定式:
The little girl looks unhappy, with so much homework to do.有这么多的家庭作业要做,小女孩看上去很不开心。
(三)句法功能
1、作时间状语:
The work done (=after the work had been done), we went home.工作完成后,我们回家了。
2、作条件状语:
Weather permitting (=if weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话,他们明天去海滩郊游。
3、作原因状语:
There being no buses (=because there were no buses), we had to walk home.(因为没有公共汽车,我们只好步行回家。)
4、作伴随状语:
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head.他躺在草地上,双手交叉枕在头下。
(四)注意事项
1、不能省略being的情况:
在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being不能省略。
一是独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时,如:
It being Sunday, we went to church.
因为是星期天,我们去做了礼拜。
二是“there being+名词”的结构中,如:
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。
2、介词短语结构:
在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。
Mr Li entered the classroom, a ruler in hand.李老师走进了教室,手里拿着一把尺子。
3、无所有格形式:
独立主格结构没有所有格形式。
The headmaster arriving, we began the meeting.校长来了,我们开始开会。