【主动语态与被动语态的概念】
语态(Voice)是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。
英语的语态包括两种形式：主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。
Many people speak English.
谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。
English is spoken by many people.
主语English是动词speak的承受者。
He opened the door.
他开了门。(主动句)
The door was opened.
门被开了。(被动句)
【被动语态的构成】
His bicycle was stolen.
The building has been built in 2000.
通过上面的例句，可以看出，“被动语态”的构成是：be + 过去分词 ( + by + 动作执行者)
【被动语态的形式】
被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成，强调动作是由什么人或什么东西而发出时，常用介词“by +行为发出者”，即be+done+by+行为发出者。
被动语态可用于各种时态，通过助动词be的变化来表示：
1、一般现在时的被动语态：
am / is / are + 动词的过去分词
Our classroom is cleaned every day.
This car is made in China.
2、一般过去式的被动语态:
was / were + 动词的过去分词
His desk was cleaned just now.
The station was built in 1928.
3、现在进行时的被动语态:
am / is / are + being + 动词的过去分词
A new factory is being built in our city now.
Some trees are being cut down in the park.
4、过去进行时的被动语态:
was / were + being + 动词的过去分词
A new factory was being built in our city at that time.
Some babies were being looked after by Miss Chen last year.
5、一般将来时的被动语态:
(A) will / shall + be + 动词的过去分词
(B) am / is / are + going to be +动词的过去分词.
Some new factories will be built in our city this year.
Your watch is going to be mended in an hour.
6、过去将来时的被动语态:
(1)would / should + be + 动词的过去分词
(2)was / were +going to be + 动词的过去分词.
She said that some new factories would be built soon in our city.
He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour.
7、现在完成时的被动语态:
have / has + been + 动词的过去分词
Some new factories have been built in the city since last year.
Your watch has been mended already.
8、过去完成时的被动语态:
had + been + 动词的过去分词
He said that some new factories had been built in the city.
I didn’t know that my watch had been mended .
9、含情态动词的被动式：
can/may/must + be + done
(1)You must hand in your homework after class.
Your homework must be handed in after class.
(2)He can write a letter with the computer.
A letter can be written with the computer by him.
初中英语八大时态 | ||
一般现在时 | 一般过去时 | 一般将来时 |
现在进行时 | 过去进行时 | 过去将来时 |
现在完成时 | 过去进行时 | |
【被动语态的运用】
第一种情况：不知道动作的执行者，就是不知道谁干的。
Dan's bike was stolen last week.
丹的自行车上周被偷了。
My windows were broken yesterday.
我的窗户昨天被打烂了。
第二种情况：没有必要交代动作的执行者，就是说：不用说出来大家也知道谁干的。
Rice is also grown in North China.
华北地区也种水稻。
A new railway station will be built next year.
明年要建一座新的火车站。
第三种：为了强调动作的承受者，这里我们比较一下主动和被动：
Prisoners of War built the bridge.
战俘修建了这座桥。
此句的主句是 Prisoners of War，是来回答 Who built the bridge? 这个问句，所以此句强调的是动作的执行者---战俘，交代战俘做了什么事。
变被动之后：
The bridge was built by Prisoners of War.
这座桥是被战俘修建的。
这样说的话，主语变成了“the bridge”---这座桥，此句是回答 What was built? 所以此句是强调“什么被建造”即强调动作的承受者。又如：