独立主格结构是由“名词（或代词）+现在分词（或过去分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语）”构成。在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。可置于句首，也可放在句尾。主要用于书面语。
独立主格结构的特点：
1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2. 名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词等是主谓关系或动宾关系。
3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号和主句隔开。
4. 独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。
独立主格结构的构成形式
01
名词/主格代词+现在分词
这种构成形式，其内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。
如：
①The girl staring at him, he didn't know what to say.
=As the girl stared at him, he didn't know what to say.
姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
②Time permitting, we will go for an outing tomorrow.
= If time permits, we will go for an outing tomorrow.
如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
更多例句：
→ Her heart still racing, she reached over and turned up the oil lamp that rested beside her canopied bed.
→ Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
→ Time going on, everything has changed.
→ The final exam drawing near, your parents will not properly allow you to listen to music.
02
名词/主格代词+过去分词
该构成形式，内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。
如：
①The problems solved, the quality has been improved.
=As the problems were solved, the quality has been improved.
随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
②Her glasses broken, she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.
=Because her glasses were broken, she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.
由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
更多例句：
→ He played the piano intently, eyes closed.
→ The signal given, the train started.
→ New words explained, the text became easier for us to learn.
→ The test finished, we began our holiday.
→ The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
→ The work done, we went home.
03
名词/主格代词+形容词
此结构常用来说明名词或代词的性质、特征或所处的状态。
如：
①An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive.
那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
②So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.
这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
更多例句：
→ He entered the room, his nose red with cold.
→ He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.
→ Conditions better, the patient can leave the hospital.
→ Sunday OK, we'd like to go outing.04
名词/主格代词+副词
此结构常用来说明名词或代词的性质、特征或所处的状态。
如：
①He put on his sweater, wrong side out.
他把毛衣穿反了。
②The meeting over, they all went home.
会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
更多例句：
→ Dinner over, we decided to play bridge.
→ The play still on, you can wait a while.
05
名词/主格代词+介词短语
该结构常用来说明名词或代词的性质、特征或所处的状态。
如：
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand.
= The boy goes to the classroom, and a book was in his hand.
那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
注意：
使用介词的问题：独立主格结构中，由名词+介词短语构成，若介词是in时，一般说来，其前后的两个名词均不加任何附加成分，如物主代词或冠词，也不用复数。
如：
①The old man stood under a large tree, pipe in mouth.
那个老人站在大树下，口里含着烟斗。
②Two militiamen quickly passed by us, rifle in hand.
两个民兵手里拿着步枪，迅速地从我们旁边走过去。
③A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
一个强盗手持钢刀冲进了房间。
〖注〗如果是其他介词则没有这种限定。
如：
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他从图书馆出来，腋下夹着一大本书。
更多例句：
→ The boy followed the nobleman here, sword in hand.
→ He left the office, tears in eyes.
→ He went off, gun in hand.
06
名词/主格代词+名词
①His first shot failure, he fired again.
他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
②Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
③The doctor has two daughters, one a nurse, the other an engineer.
那位医生有两个女儿，一位是护士，一位是工程师。
07
名词/主格代词+不定式（表示将来）
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
如：
①He is go