在高考英语阅读理解中，写作意图题是具有一定难度和区分度的题型，它不仅考查我们对文章内容的理解，更考验我们对作者深层意图的把握。今天，我们就一起来深入探究这类题型的特点、解题方法、技巧及注意事项，希望能帮助大家在考试中精准作答。
一、写作意图题的特点
1.提问方式多样：常见的提问方式有“What is the main purpose of the text?” “Why does the author write the passage?” “The author writes the text mainly to ______.” 等，有时也会针对文章中的某一段落提问其写作意图。
2.考查深层理解：与其他细节理解题不同，写作意图题要求我们跳出文章表面内容，思考作者创作文章背后的目的，可能是为了传递某种观点、呼吁采取行动、介绍事物、娱乐读者等等。
3.涵盖多种文体：无论是记叙文、说明文、议论文还是应用文，都可能出现写作意图题，不同文体的写作意图有其各自的特点，需要我们区别对待。
二、解题方法
（一）整体把握文章结构
通读全文，梳理文章的脉络，明确文章的主题、中心论点（议论文）、故事发展（记叙文）或说明对象及主要内容（说明文、应用文）。例如，在议论文中，通过找出论点和论据，判断作者是为了论证某个观点；在记叙文中，通过分析故事的情节和结局，理解作者想要表达的情感或道理。
（二）关注首尾段和关键语句
文章的首尾段往往是作者表达意图的关键位置，首段可能会引出主题，表明写作目的；尾段则常常起到总结升华、点明主旨的作用。同时，文章中的一些关键语句，如带有强烈情感色彩的句子、反复出现的词语或句子等，也能为我们推断写作意图提供线索。
（三）分析文体特征
1.记叙文：通常是通过讲述故事来传达某种道理、情感或人生感悟，写作意图可能是教育读者、分享经历或引发读者的共鸣。
2.说明文：旨在介绍事物的特点、功能、发展等，写作意图一般是向读者传播知识、提供信息 。
3.议论文：通过阐述观点、论证论据，写作意图是说服读者接受作者的观点。
4.应用文：包括广告、通知、书信等，写作意图较为直接，通常是为了推销产品、传递信息或邀请读者参与某项活动 。
（四）排除干扰选项
干扰选项往往具有迷惑性，常见的类型有：与文章内容无关的选项；只涉及文章部分内容，不能体现整体写作意图的选项；过度推断，与作者真实意图不符的选项。我们要仔细分析每个选项，结合文章内容进行排除。
三、解题技巧
1.利用关键词：在阅读过程中，圈出与文章主题相关的关键词，这些关键词能帮助我们快速把握文章核心，进而推断写作意图。
2.换位思考：站在作者的角度思考，如果自己是作者，写这篇文章想要达到什么目的，有助于我们更准确地理解作者意图。
3.对比选项：将各个选项进行对比，分析它们之间的差异，找出最符合文章整体内容和风格的选项。
四、注意事项
1.避免主观臆断：不能仅仅根据自己的想法和经验来判断作者意图，一切答案都要基于文章内容，做到有理有据。
2.关注细节：有些细节可能看似无关紧要，但却对理解作者意图起着关键作用，要认真阅读文章，不放过任何重要信息。
3.多练习：通过大量练习不同类型的写作意图题，熟悉题型特点和解题思路，提高解题的准确率和速度。
五、例题分析
例题 1（ 2021 年高考真题）
原材料：
In recent years, more and more people are choosing to travel by bicycle. Bicycling has become a popular way to explore new places, stay fit, and reduce carbon emissions. There are many benefits to cycling. It is not only a great form of exercise that can improve cardiovascular health, but also an environmentally friendly mode of transportation. Additionally, cycling allows you to experience the scenery and culture of a place at a slower pace, giving you a more immersive travel experience. Many cities are now building dedicated bike lanes and promoting cycling as a sustainable transportation option.
题目：What is the main purpose of the text?
A. To introduce the history of cycling.
B. To encourage people to choose cycling as a travel and transportation method.
C. To compare cycling with other transportation means.
D. To discuss the problems of cycling.
解析：文章主要介绍了骑自行车旅行和作为交通方式的诸多好处，如探索新地方、保持健康、减少碳排放、体验风景文化等，还提到很多城市在推广自行车出行。A 选项文章未提及自行车的历史；C 选项文章没有将自行车与其他交通方式进行对比；D 选项文章没有讨论骑自行车的问题。而文章通过阐述这些好处，其目的是鼓励人们选择骑自行车作为旅行和交通方式，所以答案是 B。
例题 2（ 2022 年高考真题）
原材料：
Dear students,
The school library will be closed for renovation from June 1st to June 15th. During this period, no borrowing or returning of books will be allowed. However, you can still access the online resources of the library through the school website. We apologize for any inconvenience caused and hope that the new library will provide you with a better reading and study environment. Please make sure to return all borrowed books before May 31st.
Best regards,
The School Library
题目：Why does the author write this passage?
A. To tell students about the renovation of the school library.
B. To ask students to borrow more books before the renovation.
C. To encourage students to use the online resources of the library.
D. To remind students to return the borrowed books on time.
解析：这是一封学校图书馆发出的通知，主要告知学生图书馆将从 6 月 1 日至 6 月 15 日进行翻新，在此期间的相关规定以及提醒学生在 5 月 31 日前归还所借图书。B 选项文章没有要求学生在翻新前多借书；C 选项虽然提到可以访问在线资源，但这不是主要目的；D 选项提醒还书只是其中一个小方面。文章的主要目的是告知学生图书馆翻新这件事，所以答案是 A。
例题 3（2023 年高考真题）
原材料：
Have you ever wondered why some people are so successful in their careers while others struggle? The answer lies in their habits. Successful people have developed certain habits that help them achieve their goals. For example, they set clear goals, manage their time effectively, and constantly learn and improve themselves. By adopting these habits, you too can increase your chances of success. In this article, we will explore these habits in detail and show you how to incorporate them into your daily life.
题目：The author writes the text mainly to ______.
A. explain the reasons for people's different career achievements
B. introduce some habits of successful people and encourage readers to follow them
C. compare the habits of successful people and ordinary people
D. discuss the importance of setting goals for career success
解析：文章开篇提出问题，引出成功人士的习惯这一话题，接着举例说明成功人士的习惯，并表示通过养成这些习惯读者也能增加成功机会，最后说明文章将详细探讨这些习惯并展示如何融入日常生活。A 选项解释原因只是开头部分内容，不是主要目的；C 选项文章没有对比普通人和成功人士的习惯；D 选项设定目标只是成功习惯中的一部分，不能概括全文。文章主要是介绍成功人士的习惯并鼓励读者养成这些习惯，所以答案是 B。
例题 4（2024 年高考真题）
原材料：
The story begins with a young girl named Lily who lived in a small village. One day, she found a strange old book in the attic of her house. The book seemed to have magical powers, and as she started reading it, strange things began to happen in the village. Lily decided to uncover the mystery behind the book. Along the way, she met many interesting characters and faced many challenges. Through her adventures, Lily learned the importance of courage, friendship, and perseverance.
题目：What is the author's purpose in writing this story?
A. To describe a mysterious book.
B. To introduce a young girl named Lily.
C. To tell an exciting adventure story.
D. To convey the values of courage, friendship, and perseverance.
解析：文章讲述了小女孩 Lily 的冒险故事，重点在于通过她的经历，体现出勇气、友谊和毅力的重要性。A 选项描述神秘书籍只是故事的一个元素；B 选项介绍 Lily 不是主要目的；C 选项讲述冒险故事只是表面内容，更深层的是传达其中的价值观，写作意图通常要注意有有一定的内容深度。所以答案是 D。
例题 5（2025 年高考模拟题）
原材料：
With the rapid development of technology, artificial intelligence (AI) is playing an increasingly important role in our daily lives. AI can be found in various fields, such as healthcare, education, and transportation. In healthcare, AI can help doctors diagnose diseases more accurately. In education, it can provide personalized learning experiences for students. In transportation, self - driving cars powered by AI are becoming a reality. However, along with its benefits, AI also brings some challenges, such as job displacement and privacy concerns.
题目：Why does the author write the passage?
A. To show the advantages of artificial intelligence.
B. To warn people of the potential dangers of artificial intelligence.
C. To introduce the application and challenges of artificial intelligence.
D. To discuss how to solve the problems caused by artificial intelligence.
解析：文章既介绍了人工智能在医疗、教育、交通等领域的应用，又提到了它带来的如就业岗位减少和隐私问题等挑战。A 选项只提到优势，不全面；B 选项只强调危险，不符合文意；D 选项文章没有讨论如何解决问题。文章的目的是介绍人工智能的应用和面临的挑战，所以答案是 C。
六、配套练习
练习 1
题目：（2023 年全国卷）
The world's first completely automatic (自动的) railway has been built under the busy streets of London. The railway is called the Victoria Line, and it is part of the complete London underground railway.
The new Victoria Line was opened in 1969. This new line was very different from the others. The stations on the other lines need a lot of workers to sell tickets, and to check and to collect them when people leave the trains. This is all different on the Victoria Line. Here a machine checks and collects the tickets, and there are no workers on the platforms (站台) at all. On the train, there is only one worker. If necessary, this man can drive the train. But usually he just starts it; it runs and stops by itself. The trains are controlled by electrical signals (信号) which are sent by the so - called "command (命令) spots". The command spots are the same distance apart. Each sends a certain signal. The train always moves at the speed that the command spots allow. If the command spot sends no signals, the train will stop. Most of the control work is done by computers. The computers also fix the train's speeds, and send the signals to the command spots.
Other machines make sure that the trains are always a safe distance apart. One train may stay too long at a station; the other trains will then automatically move slower. So there is no danger of accidents on the line.
What is the main purpose of the text?
A. To introduce the world's first completely automatic railway.
B. To describe the advantages of the Victoria Line.
C. To explain how the Victoria Line works.
D. To show how computers control the Victoria Line.
答案：A
解析：文章开篇点明世界上第一条全自动铁路在伦敦建成，随后围绕这条维多利亚线，介绍了它的建成时间、与其他线路的不同之处、运行方式等内容，整体都是在对这条世界上第一条全自动铁路进行介绍。B 选项描述优势只是文章部分内容；C 选项解释如何工作也只是其中一方面；D 选项展示计算机控制同样不全面。所以主要目的是介绍这条铁路，答案选 A。
练习 2
题目：（2022 年新高考卷）
Are you interested in starting a garden? Gardening can be a great way to relax and enjoy nature while also growing your own food. But where do you start?
First, choose a location for your garden. You'll want to pick a spot that gets plenty of sunlight, at least 6 hours a day. The soil should also be well - drained and rich in nutrients. If your soil isn't ideal, you can add compost or other organic matter to improve it.
Next, decide what you want to grow. Consider your climate, the amount of space you have, and your personal preferences. Some easy - to - grow vegetables for beginners include tomatoes, lettuce, and cucumbers.
Once you've chosen your location and plants, it's time to prepare the soil. Remove any weeds or rocks and loosen the soil with a garden fork or tiller. Then, add fertilizer according to the instructions on the package.
Finally, plant your seeds or seedlings. Follow the planting instructions on the seed packets or plant tags. Water your garden regularly, especially during dry periods.
Why does the author write this passage?
A. To share his own gardening experience.
B. To tell readers how to choose a garden location.
C. To give advice on starting a garden.
D. To introduce different kinds of vegetables for gardening.
答案：C
解析：文章从选择花园位置、决定种植的植物、准备土壤到种植种子或幼苗等方面，详细地给出了开始一个花园的一系列步骤和建议。A 选项文章没有分享作者个人经验；B 选项选择位置只是其中一个步骤；D 选项介绍蔬菜也只是部分内容。文章主要目的是给想要开始园艺的人提供建议，所以答案是 C。
练习 3
题目：（2021 年全国卷）
In 1971, a young man who grew up very poor was traveling across the country, trying to make a new start for himself. Along the way he had completely run out of money and was forced to spend the night in his car. This continued until one morning, after a week of sleeping in his car, he walked nervously into a diner and ordered a big breakfast.
After eating his first good meal in weeks, he found himself lying to the waiter, telling him he had lost his wallet. The waiter, who was also the owner, walked behind the chair where the young man had been sitting. He bent down, and took out a wallet which the young man recognized as his. He couldn't believe his eyes! He quickly paid the bill, left the tip, bought gas with all the money left, and headed for the nearest army base. There, he joined the army and went on to become an officer and then a successful businessman.
The young man never forgot the man, the owner of the diner, who had given him a second chance at life. Many years later, he returned to the diner and found it was under a new owner. He asked the new owner to keep it exactly the way it was before, with the same menu and the same pictures on the wall.
What is the author's purpose of writing the passage?
A. To tell a story of a successful young man.
B. To show the kindness of the diner owner.
C. To introduce how the young man changed his life.
D. To convey the message of giving and getting back.
答案：D
解析：文章讲述了年轻人在困境中得到餐厅老板帮助，多年后他成功又回来希望保留餐厅原样的故事。A 选项讲述成功年轻人的故事只是表面；B 选项展示老板善良不全面；C 选项介绍年轻人如何改变生活也不准确。文章通过这个故事传达了给予和回报的道理，所以答案是 D。
练习 4
题目：（2020 年新高考卷）
The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid — we simply weigh too much, and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet, resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.
However, several types of animals can walk on water. One of the most interesting is the common basilisk Basilicus basilicus, a lizard (蜥蜴) native to Central and South America. It can run across water for a distance of several meters, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water's surface with its feet. The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward. For humans to do this, we'd need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate "hitting."
But fortunately there is an alternative: cornflour. By adding enough of this common thickening agent to water (and it does take a lot), you can create a "non - Newtonian" liquid that doesn't behave like normal water. Now, if the surface of the water is hit hard enough, particles (粒子) in the water group together for a moment to make the surface hard. Move quickly enough and put enough force into each step, and you really can walk across the surface of an adequately thick liquid of cornflour.
What is the author's main purpose in the text?
A. To report a new discovery.
B. To introduce a new theory.
C. To explain a natural phenomenon.
D. To inspire us to do scientific research.
答案：C
解析：文章先阐述人类无法在水上行走的原因，接着介绍了蜥蜴能在水上行走的原理，最后说明通过玉米粉这种物质可以实现类似在水上行走的现象，整体是在对与水上行走相关的现象进行解释。A 选项文章不是报告新发现；B 选项没有介绍新理论；D 选项文章没有激励做科学研究的意图
练习5
题目：（2023 年新高考卷）
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parts less than 10 minutes' walk from home where neighborhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organizations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film - maker David Bond realized that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three - year - old son's ear without getting a response. He realized that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the World Network, a group of organizations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
What is the purpose of the text?
A. To explore the causes of the problem.
B. To introduce a project by David Bond.
C. To describe children's daily habits.
D. To criticize the screen - time of children.
答案：B
解析：文章开篇指出孩子沉迷电子屏幕的现象，接着重点讲述电影制作人 David Bond 针对此现象，将自然当作品牌向年轻人推广，发起 “Project Wild Thing” 项目，后文围绕该项目展开。A 选项探索问题原因并非主要目的；C 选项描述孩子日常习惯只是引入话题；D 选项批评孩子看屏幕时间长也不是重点。文章主要是介绍 David Bond 发起的这个项目，答案选 B。
练习6
题目：（2022 年全国卷）
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground - breaking, five - year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
What is the text mainly intended to do?
A. Compare human speech sounds.
B. Explain reasons for new speech sounds.
C. Discuss human bite’s impact on health.
D. Promote research on speech sounds.
答案：B
解析：文章开头提出问题“为什么某些声音比其他声音更常见”，随后介绍研究表明与饮食相关的人类咬合变化导致了新的语音产生，后面具体阐述研究过程和发现。A 选项对比人类语音不是主要目的；C 选项文章未提及人类咬合对健康的影响；D 选项文章没有推广语音研究的意图。文章主要是解释新语音产生的原因，所以答案是 B。
练习7
题目：（2021 年新高考卷）
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill - based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passage?
A. To introduce a popular topic.
B. To discuss a research method.
C. To correct a misunderstanding.
D. To argue against a common belief.
答案：C
解析：文章开头指出在某些情况下，普及使人们误解了情商的原始含义，接着阐述情商实际是一套特定技能，可用于好或坏的目的，纠正人们对情商的错误理解。A 选项介绍热门话题不准确；B 选项文章未讨论研究方法；D 选项文章不是反对一个普遍观点，而是纠正误解。所以答案是 C。
练习8
题目：（2020 年全国卷）
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50 - kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
1.Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A. They must run long distances.
B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules.
D. They are good at swinging their legs.
2.What is the purpose of the text?
A. To explain the popularity of race walking.
B. To compare race walking with running.
C. To introduce the sport of race walking.
D. To show the event of the 50 - km race walk.
答案：第一问选 C；第二问选 C
解析：第一问，文中明确提到“the sport’s rules require that...”，说明竞走运动员是经过训练的运动员是因为他们必须遵循特殊规则，C 选项正确。第二问，文章先指出竞走与跑步有许多相同健身益处且受伤少，接着介绍竞走的特点、比赛项目以及规则等，整体是在介绍竞走这项运动。A 选项文章未解释竞走受欢迎的原因；B 选项对比竞走和跑步只是部分内容；D 选项展示 50 公里竞走项目也不全面。所以第二问答案是 C。
练习9
题目：（2019 年新高考卷）
In an effort to prevent language loss, scholars from a number of organizations — UNESCO and National Geographic among them — have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.
Mark Turin, a scientist at the Macmillan Centre Yale University, who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas, is following in that tradition. His recently published book, A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture, grows out of his experience living, working, and raising a family in a village in Nepal.
1.What is Turin’s book based on?
A. The cultural studies in India.
B. The documents available at Yale.
C. His language research in Bhutan.
D. His personal experience in Nepal.
2.What is the purpose of the text?
A. To introduce a scholar’s work.
B. To present a language research.
C. To save dying languages.
D. To discuss language protection.
答案：第一问选 D；第二问选 A
解析：第一问，文中提到“His recently published book... grows out of his experience living, working, and raising a family in a village in Nepal”，可知 Turin 的书基于他在尼泊尔的个人经历，D 选项正确。第二问，文章先说明为防止语言消失，很多组织在记录濒危语言，接着重点介绍 Mark Turin 这位学者及其出版的书，主要目的是介绍这位学者的工作。B 选项展示语言研究不具体；C 选项拯救濒危语言不是文章主要目的；D 选项讨论语言保护也不准确。所以第二问答案是 A。
练习10
题目：（2019 年全国卷）
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0 - 25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined — or added — the symbols to get the reward.
1.What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?
A. They fed them.
B. They named them.
C. They trained them.
D. They measured them.
2.What is the purpose of the text?
A. To show how monkeys can be trained.
B. To describe monkeys’ way with numbers.
C. To prove monkeys’ ability to understand numbers.
D. To explain the relationship between monkeys and numbers.
答案：第一问选 C；第二问选 B
解析：第一问，文中明确说“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys...”，所以研究人员在测试前对猴子进行了训练，C 选项正确。第二问，文章开头点明 “Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers”，后文围绕研究人员训练猴子并测试它们对数字符号的处理展开，主要目的是描述猴子与数字打交道的方式。A 选项展示如何训练猴子不是重点；C 选项证明猴子理解数字能力不准确；D 选项解释猴子和数字关系也不符合文意。所以第二问答案是 B。